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TNO-1992-greenbookDescription of Paragraphs
Paragraph 2 provides a general description of the effects of heat radiation on skin.It characterizes, first, hetypes of injurydueto burns and their consequences.This followsbya description of skin properties and,finally,a model is presented for the calculation ofthe temperature variations in the skin due to heal radiation
In Paragraph 3 a statistical characterization of personal injuries due to heat radiation is presented. With the help of the presented profitfunctions, it is possible to calculate the magnitude of the injury.The abovedepartingfromknownexposureduration and radiation intensity.
MZ/T 093-2017 中国福利彩票系统彩票随机数检验规范Paragraph 4 deals with the influence of clothing on the extend of the injury. It provides, at the sarne time,values ofradiation intensity whereby the clothing ignites,fordifferentmaterials.Theprotective effect isexpressedbyareductionfactorof theextendofthedamage.
Paragraph 5 provides indications for the determination of the effective exposure duration. Considerations are given, in this case,to the escape possibilities of people exposed to radiation as well as to the influence of the surroundings.The influence of escape possibilities on the extend of the damage isestimated
Paragraph7givesglobalvaluesforcriticalradiationinte symtheticmatenals glass and uncoated steel.Theseare values whereby,for matetials suitable for the outerfaces of buildings or installations,damagemustbe consideredforlongterm exposures.Withregard to the damage itself.adifferenceismadebetweentwolevelsofdamage.
Paragraph7givesglobal valuesforcritical radiationintensities symtheticmatenals glass and uncoated steel.Theseare values whereby,for materials suitablefor theouterfaces of buildings or installations,damagemustbe consideredforlongterm exposures.With regard to the damage itself, a difference is made between two levels of damage.
Identification Chart
With the help of the identification chart given in Figure 1.1 it is possible to establish under which conditions the values given in this report are applicableforthe determination of damagedue to heat radiation.The numbers outsideof theblocks referto the applicableparagraphs of this chapter.
reforthe Calculation of Damage dueto
calculation of damage to people due to beat radiation must be conducted.
a Calculatethedimensionsoftheflame(R) b.Determine the population density in the flamearea c.Thenumberof victims inside the flame area is calculated as follows:
homogenous distribution ofthepeople allpeopleoutside
Assumptions:
Determine the mumber of victims outside of the flame area (N2), (See Appendix A)
N2 = J, p(1)*N。 *2元 rdr where p(r) = Fe /2
b. The cothing does ignite
Assumption:
Theinjuryisfatal whentheclothingdoesig
From thisgivendosewecannowcalculatethetimebywhich this dosewillbereached,with thehelp of:
wherexy=distancewhenq=1 kW/m2,and X,= starting location of the victim in relation to the boundary of the flam
ects of heat radiation on
Heat radiation has a twofold effect on people. Physiological effects manifest themselves, primarily,by staving inhot,humidconditions.Theseeffects are:
Thedevelopmentofbumsonpar ignition of the clothing.This phenomenot atedseparately(Paragraph4.2)
After the characterization of the seriousness ofthe injury due to heat radiation (burns) (Paragraph 2.2) and the explanation ofthe mostessential physical properties ofthe skin (Paragraph 2.3),a model will bepresentec.forthe calculation ofthedepthofthebuns,asfunction oftheradiationdosetowhichthe skin is exposed (Paragraph 2.4),
Characterization of the Injury
The injury caused to the skin by the heat radiation is normally defined as: first, second or third degree burn.This determines to what extend and to which depth the skin has been damaged.Apublished description of buns and of theconsequentreactions ofthebody,as wellas the correspondingtherapy, is given in the book"Burns" [4].The degrees of bums previously indicated have been taken from this book
Table2.2Average valuesforphysical properties of the skin ofaman of70kgs and
Table2.2Averagevaluesforphysicalpropertiesoftheskinofamanof70kgsand 1.7m.
Thiscoefficientdeteriminesthespeedbywhichtheenergyisabsorbedbytheskinanditste ise
Table23Thermalproperties of human skin.From[7
ce, in [7], is given to the values given by Perkins et al
Theabsorption coefficient,a,shows which partof theradiation isbeing absorbed.Fromtests byStoll and Chianta [9] with (blackened) skin a 94% absorption is indicated. In view of the sinall value of the reflectedpartafullabsorptionoftheradiationcanbeconsidered
lationModel fortheInjuryduetoHeat
Whentheskinisassume constant,we can then calculatefortSt.the temperature path with (see[7]):
Bytheendofth exposuredurahon > t, the heat diffases further into the skin and gives, then, a temperature rise. The temperature path, for t >to,followsfrom:
fthebumislimitedtothethicknessoftheepidermis(x=0.12mm)itisconsideredtobeafirst degreeburn,Ifthedermis is affected (x=2mm)this means a second degreebun.Atgreaterdepths thirddegreeburns develop.ThecriteriaareputtogetherinTable2.4.
Table 2.4 Criteriafor the seriousness oftheburns.
Furthermore, simulation tests with a synthetic skin (see Paragraph 2.6) seem to indicate that the hea lossthroughbloodcannotbeneglected
Fig.2.3 Minimm values of the heat load (radiation dose)absorbed by theskin for second and third degree burns,foragiven timeduration (according to the model of Hardeeand Lee [7]),and amenimantalteilts
Fig.2.4 Time for wnbearable pain according t
2.4Timeforwnbearablepainaccordingto [33]
Fig.25The criticalsurfacetemperatureoftheskinasfunctionofthetimeofexposare
given situation. With regard to injuries caused by heat radiation, this means that a model is required which, on the basis of a calculation of the radiation load (intensity and duration), will allow us to detemine what the nature and magnitude of the injury is going to be.
determine the magnitude ofthe damage.Protection by clothing, buildings,presence inside a house,etc. will be handled in Paragraph 4.4 and in Paragraph 4.5.
Relationship between theHeat Load and theDegree of Burns
The"Vulnerability Model" [3] uses infomation from [12], which is based on data for nucl explosions. From lethality data for different magnitudes of nuclear weapons a probit function can be derived:
+*ql.15 = 5.5* 105 (in s*(W/m²).15
Forsecond degreebums dueto a nuclear explosion,thefollowing,accordingto[3jisvalid
+*q4/3 =8.7*10% (in s*(W/m*)4/3)
+*q4/3 = 3.9* 10 (in s*(W/m²)4/3
Determination of the Extend of the Damage with the Help of functions
Thevalueoftheprobitfunction oneof theclasses ofdamagebelonging to this probitfunction ata certain load.)
n example (seeFigure3.1)
classes of injury.Herebythefraction of victins in a certain class of damage is also included in all subsequent (=more serious)classes.
classes of injury.Herebythefraction of victins in a certain class of damage is also included in all subsequent (=moreserious)classes.
Forexample:atoxicgas cloud canproducedeath,arecoverableinjuryorimtafion.A Victim of tne "death" class is,at the sametime, included in the"recoverable"and"irritation"classes,and a victim o the“recoverable"classis,inthe sametime,included inthe“irritation"class. 2.Several damage mechanisms,due tothe sameevent,produce,atthe sametime,victims in thesame class of iniury (for example,an explosion can kill due to either a direct hit or blast overpressure).
whilethefirstevent may,actually,produce such a majordamagethat theconsequentevents do ot really add anythingmoreto it.This means thatthisfirstevent infact,reduces the sizeofthe affected population For example: a person killed by a toxic gas cannot be further"damaged"by an explosion whichfollows,
whilethefirstevent may,actually,produce such a majordamagethat theconsequentevents do ot reallyaddanythingmoreto it.Thismeansthatthisfirsteventinfact,reducesthesizeoftheaffected population For example:a personkilled by a toxic gas cannotbe further*damaged"byan explosion whichfollows.
Note:F;toFarealwaysreferredtotheoriginalpopulation
Fig.3.2AVerndiagran oftwosimultaneousdamagemechanisms;thefourresultingclassesofinju areshowninthefigure.
The influence of clothing on the extend of person
NY/T 3756-2020 蚕豆品种真实性鉴定 SSR分子标记法Introduction
The Ignition of Clothing
D, = t, *gi
2 Hiado and Murphy [14] had investigated materials applicable to fumiture coverage, while Wulff had investigated samples ofmaterials usedforclothing
JB/T 20151-2013 塑料安瓿制瓶灌装封口一体机Table4.1 (taken from[l01)Properties of Typical Everyday clothing materials.
Table4.l (taken from [10]) Properties ofTypical Everyday clothing materials.